In May 2021, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University hosted the XI International Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics dedicated to the memory of the remarkable theoretical scientist in the field of physical chemistry, Professor, Doctor of Chemical Sciences Yuri B. Vysotsky (15.05.1944 — 24.10.2020) — one of the co-organizers and ideologists of this conference. The paper briefly describes his life path, the sphere of his interest, and the results of his scientific activity.

The paper is devoted to the discussion of some problems arising from the interaction of neurotechnologies and virtual reality when using the most widely used a cross-platform game engine (Unreal Engine 4, Unity). At present, neurotechnologies have achieved significant development, having received recognition and application in many areas of society. They have a significant impact on the world around us, and therefore, the possibility of their combined use with virtual reality is a very expected phenomenon. The article provides basic information about the principles of virtual reality development and compatibility with neurotechnologies. Each of the approaches virtual reality programming in different game engine has common foundations, but has individual implementation features - from different sequences to complete replacement of some steps, which must be taken into account.

The effect of the impurity concentration in the substrate and the type of dopant in a polysilicon gate on the threshold voltage of silicon DMOS transistors with an induced n-channel has been investigated. It is shown that an increase in the average impurity concentration in the substrate by 50% makes it possible to increase the threshold voltage of the transistor by more than 30%. However, at the same time, an increase in the resistance of the transistor channel is observed, which entails a decrease in the drain current by about 25%. The influence of the conductivity type of the polysilicon gate on the threshold voltage of the transistor has been determined. It is shown that replacing phosphorus with boron when doping a polysilicon gate allows increasing the threshold voltage by about 25%. In this case, the drain current of the transistors does not change, which may be of practical interest in the development of noise-immune switches based on field-effect transistors.

The indices of reactivity (electronic chemical potential, chemical hardness, electrophilicity index, charge change in the system "benzoyl peroxide — monomer (solvent)") of such monomers as N-vinylpyrrolidone, methyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, acrylonitrile, styrene, and solvents — N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile, toluene. The indices have been compared with the calculated (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) activation and thermodynamic parameters of the scrambling reaction of benzoyl peroxide and its interaction with some monomers (solvents). It has been found that the introduction of molecules of the considered monomers or solvents in the scrambling reaction increases the barrier ∆G^≠ (decreased the rate) of benzoate radical recombination in the cell, which should increase the proportion of free radicals in the initiation stage. It has been found that the scrambling activation enthalpy value decreases linearly with an increase in the chemical hardness of the compound medium, whereas the activation enthalpy and the reaction of the addition of a benzoate radical to a monomer (solvent) molecule correlate with all indices, except for chemical hardness. There is no correspondence between the rate constant of peroxide decomposition in the medium of monomers (solvents) (ln kd) and the calculated parameters ∆G^≠ (or ∆G), as well as the chemical hardness of these compounds, while the other indices have shown a correlation with ln k_d. The difference in correlation dependences for compounds containing the lactam cycle (N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone) and other monomers and solvents is shown. An assumption about different mechanisms of the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in the considered media has been made.

The paper deals with the synthesis of carbon nanostructures under microwave treatment of mixtures of ferrocene with solid carbon materials as microwave receptors that contribute to the maximum conversion of the energy of microwave electromagnetic radiation into the thermal factor of reaction process. Graphite, graphite oxide and thermally expanded graphite have been studied as effective microwave receptors. It is shown that microwave treatment of a mixture of graphite with ferrocene is accompanied by the formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of “match” morphology with a diameter of 60-70 nm in the form of intertwined ropes. When oxide graphite or thermally expanded graphite are used in the process, mainly three-dimensional nanostructures of grapheme / carbon nanotubes and the low-layer packets of micron-sized graphene planes are formed. In the case of thermally expanded graphite, nanostructures of toroidal morphology were also recorded among the synthesized products. The data of electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) of the obtained nanoobjects are presented.

In the framework of the generalized lattice model the mono- and nonvariant equilibria in the binary solutions Ga-Al and Ga-Sn are described. The parameters of the generalized lattice model for these systems are obtained, and the concentration dependences of the liquidus, solidus, and solvus curves of these binary solutions are calculated in the presence of solubility of one of the components in solid state. A consistent construction of the phase diagrams of binary solutions Ga-Al and Ga-Sn was derived for the whole concentration range. The comparison of the constructed phase diagrams with the available experimental data is performed, and their good qualitative correspondence is established. The developed thermodynamic approach makes it possible to construct almost any eutectic-type binary phase diagrams calculated in the presence of solubility of one of the components in solid state.

The global energy crisis and environmental pollution, caused mainly by the increased consumption of non-renewable energy sources, have prompted researchers to explore alternative energy technologies that can use the energy available in the environment Mechanical energy is the most common environmental energy that can be captured and converted into useful electrical energy. Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric transformations are the most common mechanisms of energy collection. As a result, it is expected that in the near future many electronic devices will be powered by piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric generators. This article provides an overview of the current state of solid-state energy harvesting devices, in particular, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric. The principles of energy conversion are outlined; the mechanisms of operation are explained.

In the present paper, three phase transitions in solid methane are considered: low-temperature (under pressure), orientational phase, and high-temperature quantum-classical. It is demonstrated that the last of them has a stronger influence on physical parameters of solid methane in comparison with second-order phase transition although is not a phase transition. According to literature sources, the temperature dependence of thermal capacity of solid methane is irregular and has data lacune in the temperature range of high-temperature transition.

The article presents the possibility of using metamaterials based on split ring resonators as a microstrip bandpass filter. The construction of a metastructure based on four split-ring resonators for different frequencies and an equivalent circuit for connecting the resonators are presented. Computer simulation of the initial version of the metastructure was carried out, the obtained amplitude- frequency characteristics made it possible to select the optimal parameters and dimensions of the metastructure for further modeling, in order to reduce the resonance characteristics of all resonators to a common resonance characteristic. Simulations were carried out using the HFSS Ansoft 3D RF / Microwave simulation tool. The obtained amplitude-frequency characteristics for the final version of the metastructure design confirm the possibility of using this metastructure for the development of a microstrip filter, as well as for further study of this metastructure with the inclusion of ferrite elements for electronic restructuring of the device.

A series of hydroxyapatite powders obtained by chemical deposition using microwave radiation is considered. Calcium nitrate and ortho-phosphoric acid have been selected as sources of calcium and phosphorus. The possibility of using the sorption method for express analysis of the particle size of the formed hydroxyapatite is discussed. It is shown that the sorption analysis of the sizes of nanoparticles in the case of studying hydroxyapatite nanorods makes it possible to approximately estimate the diameter of the forming particles at different stages of synthesis based on the data on the density and specific surface area. The analysis of the specific surface area is carried out using the method of thermal desorption of inert gases. Determination of the aspect ratio of hydroxyapatite nanorods is based on the analysis of scanning electron microscopy data. The difference in the results of calculations of the sizes of nanorods by the sorption method and based on the data on scanning electron microscopy in the maximum case is 70 nm.

The article discusses a technique for forming a compact (SPICE) model of an integral resistor manufactured using bipolar technology on the base layer of a transistor. Unlike a discrete analog, an integral resistor is characterized by many parameters, which is associated with the nonlinear temperature dependence of its nominal value and the presence of parasitic elements in the form of a barrier capacitance. The process of forming a macromodel of an integrated resistor involves the extraction of five parameters: linear and quadratic temperature coefficients and three parameters necessary to describe the depletion layer capacitance. Based on the obtained model, the calculation of the temperature and amplitude-frequency characteristics of the integral resistor has been carried out. The proposed procedure for synthesizing the integral resistor model can be used to form macromodels of other types of integral resistors: low-resistance, formed on the emitter layer, and high-resistance — pinch resistors.

The paper presents the results of consideration of the magnetoelectric effect in ferrite-piezoelectric layered structures in the field of ferromagnetic resonance. The electric field applied to the piezoelectric layer leads to the deformation of the ferrite layer. As a result, induced magnetic anisotropy is obtained in the ferrite component which is generally non-uniform across the thickness. A theoretical model for describing the external electric field effect on microwave magnetic susceptibility has been investigated. The flexural deformations of the sample have been considered in the calculations. The result of modeling has been studied on the example of three-layer structures based on nickel ferrite and lead-zirconate titanate. It is shown that an external electric field leads to a broadening of the magnetic resonance line. The magnitude of resonance line broadening is determined by the layer thickness ratio. The results are of importance for ferrite-piezoelectric microwave devices.

A technological cycle of the formation of inter-device insulation on a heteroepitaxial AlGaN/AlN/GaN structure grown on a silicon substrate using the technology of ion implantation and mesa etching is considered. The Ar++ profile in the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heteroepitaxial structure has been calculated, and the distribution of defects in the heteroepitaxial structure has been obtained using the TRIM program. The distribution of argon in heteroepitaxial layers of AlGaN/AlN/GaN after ion implantation is presented. It has been determined that to ensure reliable insulation by ion implantation, it is necessary to use double ionized argon with an energy of 125 keV. The resistance of the inter-device insulation formed by ion implantation and mesa etching has been measured. The dependence of the inter-device insulation resistance on the dose of the introduced argon impurity has been obtained. It is shown that the use of ion implantation technology is promising for creating inter-device insulation on AlGaN/AlN/GaN.

Ethoxylated derivatives of halogen-substituted benzoic acids have been obtained by the method of mechanochemical solid- phase synthesis in a vibrating apparatus. The reaction products have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and acid-base potentiometric titration. It has been shown that, as a result of ethoxylation reactions, changes occur in the IR spectra of the reaction products in comparison with the initial reagents. The absorption bands of vibrations of the carbonyl group of acids during the formation of reaction products are shifted to the high-frequency region. The method of potentiometric titration of solutions of halogen-containing benzoic acids and the products of their interaction with polyethylene glycol has revealed a decrease in the number of carboxyl groups in the ethoxylated sample. According to IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration data, the interaction of benzoic acids with polyethylene glycol proceeds through the carboxyl group.

The ability of copper, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and manganese salts to form water-insoluble complexes with modified sodium humates has been defined. The modification of humic acids has been carried out by the method of solid-phase mechanochemical synthesis with polyethylene glycol and hydroperite in a vibration apparatus. The structure and physicochemical properties of their macromolecules have been studied by IR spectroscopy and acid-base potentiometric titration. It is shown that modification with hydroperite leads to an increase in carboxyl groups, while modification with polyethylene glycol leads to the insertion of ethoxy groups into the structure of the humic acid macromolecule. Attention is drawn to the fact that for the modified samples of humic acids, the concentration of metal salts involved in the formation of complexes increases.

Based on the principles of thermodynamics of stability of the state of a homogeneous equilibrium system, the study demonstrates the fundamental link between the anharmonicity of the condensed state of matter and its physical properties. In this paper, the concepts based on the thermodynamics of the stability of the homogeneous state of the system have been developed in terms of anharmonism. Various forms of the stability determinant have been obtained depending on the stability coefficients and parameters characterizing the anharmonic properties of the system. The relation of all calorimetric coefficients with the complex anharmonicity of the condensed state has been determined. The dependences of the system phase stability determinant on the calorimetric coefficients have been obtained.

The work shows that exoprotein (hereinafter biological coagulant, BC), which the micromycete produces in the cultivation medium, can interact with the potassium humate (PH) and subsequently coagulate and sediment in the form of complexes. The rate and time of interaction between PH and BC depend on their ratio in solution. It has been found that when using 2.37:1 (PH÷BC) or 0.00141 g/ml PH÷12,73 mcg/ml BC, complete sedimentation of PH occurs. The interrelation between the PH÷BC in solution and the efficiency of PH sedimentation has been analyzed. The sedimentation rate, time and the change in the pH of the medium on the amount of BC in the solution have been determined. The ways of interaction of PH with BC have been analyzed using the method of IR spectroscopy.

The change in the absorption of chloramphenicol in the presence of poly(vinylpyridines) and/or poly(maleic anhydride-со-vinyl acetate) in water-ethanol solutions has been studied. It has been found that the equimolar addition of poly(4-vinylpyridine) increases chloramphenicol absorption while the maleic anhydride copolymer does not affect it. Changes in the spectra of ternary mixtures of chloramphenicol copolymer: poly (vinylpyridine), have been shown, analysis of which using difference spectra have revealed the interaction of all components of the system. The binding of a copolymer of maleic anhydride with poly(vinylpyridines) has been established, the maximum of which is observed at the ratio copolymer: poly(2-vinylpyridine) = 1 : 1 and copolymer : poly(4-vinylpyridine) = 2 : 1. The structure of complexes between polymers was studied by the PM3; the formation of cooperative hydrogen bonds is shown.

An overview of heat-dissipating polymer composites is given including their difference from conventional plastics. The peculiarity of such polymers is the similarity with such a common material to produce heat pipes as aluminum. A comparison of aluminum materials and polymers is presented. The advantages of polymers over aluminum are given, as well as possible positive results of the use of such polymers in the production of cryogenic and low-temperature heat pipes.

The issues of maintaining the quality indicators of the navigation field of the GLONASS system in the conditions of limited functioning of the ground control complex and the possibility of using spacecraft in geostationary orbit to refine the parameters of the movement of navigation spacecraft by means of inter-satellite radio lines and calculating ephemeris-time corrections are considered. The possibility of forming an independent time scale on board a geostationary spacecraft based on the timing of radiation from a group of neutron stars (pulsars) is analyzed. A model is proposed for the formation of high-precision ephemeris-time information in GLONASS GNSS based on on-board measurements when included in the orbital spacecraft in geostationary orbit. A variant of forming reference values of frequency and time on board a geostationary spacecraft is proposed based on the development of technology for receiving and processing pulsar radiation with compensation for the Doppler frequency shift that occurs when the HCA moves relative to the pulsar radio emission point, as well as synthesizing a group pulsar time scale.

The article deals with the issues of computer modeling of methods for selecting images of objects on a non-uniform background. A test video sequence with the specified background and object parameters is considered. The issues of computer simulation of the process of forming such a video sequence are discussed. Examples of test images of the object and background are given. The results of comparing the accuracy of the correlation-extreme and compensation methods of selection of a small-sized object on a non-uniform background, obtained by computer simulation using a test video sequence, are considered. The issues of combined application of the above selection methods for conditions of increasing the image size of an object in the process of video surveillance on a non-uniform sedentary background are discussed.

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for the identification of phase-shift keyed (PSK) signals with a given quality in the developed autocorrelation receiver (ACR) for radio frequency (RF) spectrum monitoring has been studied. We have investigated the PSK signals with the laws of phase shifting according to the Barker and Frank codes. In addition, we have investigated the difference between the SNR value required to identify real signals with PSK and the value used to identify signals simulated in MATLAB. The simulation has shown that identifying the PSK with the phase-shifting law by the Frank code requires 0.2 ... 1 dB SNR more than the Barker code. When receiving a mixture of signals with chirp and PSK, signal identification requires providing SNR by 0.7 1.1 dB more than when receiving an only signal with PSK. To identify the recorded signal with PSK, one needs SNR by 1.6 2.5 dB more than detecting simulated signals. The results obtained can be used to assess the sensitivity of the receiving equipment for RF spectrum monitoring and, accordingly, the range of the equipment.

The article is based on the tasks of telecommunication networks analysis in terms of incomplete reliability conditions in monitoring system performance. A number of mathematical models for network element functioning have been developed taking into account failure processes and restoration of network elements (NE). Mathematical models have been divided into two types. Models of the first type include the states of NE that are captured during the recovery process. Models of the second type reflect intrasystem functions during operation. Equations for estimation of the downtime ratio and average time of traffic transmission unavailability over a dedicated communication line have been obtained. The initial parameters have been systematized and classified according to calculated or operational indicators. An option for solving the problems is proposed on the basis of joint consideration of estimated parameters and statistical data in the network monitoring system. A software implementation of performed theoretical calculations is proposed. Dependences of reliability indicators values and the probability of errors in the control system have been revealed. Dependency graphs for different values of initial and operational parameters have been built.

In this article it is shown that, independently on kinematics, the dynamical group of the Kepler’s problem is conformal group SL2 (C).

The article provides an overview of existing heat pump designs. The processes of heat transfer from a hot body to a cold one and reverse processes carried out using heat pumps are considered. It is shown that heat pumps can be used both for preparing hot water with given parameters for heating systems and hot water supply systems, and for obtaining cold. The work of a steam compression heat pump and an HPU-3 power plant for cooling milk with simultaneous heating of water at dairy farms has been considered. Also, a diagram is shown for the THU-14 heat pump unit. The heating coefficient was calculated for the presented heat pump units. An assessment of the conversion factors has also been carried out.

As a follow-up to the idea of professor 'tHooft, the conformal group SL(2,C) is proposed as the symmetry group of the Black Hole; and both its connections with other properties of the Black Hole and some of its consequences are considered.