In this study, the maxillary sinus was selected as the subject of research due to its complex anatomical configuration and significant clinical relevance, which lies in the wide range of potential complications following dental procedures that may involve damage to this structure. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of maxillary sinus height and the thickness of its superior wall in women using cone-beam computed tomography. The study was based on the CBCT results of 85 female patients. The findings showed that the height of the maxillary sinuses tends to increase from adolescence to early adulthood (p>0.05), followed by a significant decrease in older age (p<0.05). Age-related changes in the thickness of the superior wall of the maxillary sinuses are characterized by an increase from adolescence to early adulthood and thinning in older age (p<0.01). The morphometric results obtained provide new insights into the anatomy of the maxillary sinus and can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of dental and otorhinolaryngological patients.

The morphology of the lymphatic system of the kidneys in norm and in benign cholestasis on cadaveric material (80 cases) and the functional state of the lymphatic system of the kidneys in 116 patients with benign cholestasis were studied. The structure of the superficial and deep network of lymphatic vessels of the kidneys was studied. The location of the plexuses of lymphatic capillaries along the vascular-nerve bundles inside the renal parenchyma is specified. The renal lymphatic vessels repeat the architecture of arterial and venous vessels, reach the capsule of the nephron, but are absent in the renal glomeruli. It has been revealed that the causes of impaired lymph drainage from the kidneys are a decrease in the contractile function of the valves of the lymphatic vessels, compression of the lumen of the lymphatic collectors, changes in the pressure gradient and disorders of the contractile function of smooth muscle fibers. Morphological and functional disorders of lymph circulation develop in the kidneys in the case of venous congestion in the portal or inferior vena cava and depend on the degree of compensation of venous insufficiency and on the section of the renal parenchyma.

The aim of this study was to examine the variant anatomy of the brachiocephalic arteries and their branches with the registration of the most known morphometric parameters. The study material was impersonal computerized tomography angiograms of a rare case of variant anatomy of the brachiocephalic arteries of a 58-year-old female. During our work we identified such a phenomenon as «bovine arch» and aberrant left vertebral artery branching off from the aortic arch. The discovery of such a finding during surgery without a thorough preliminary examination of the patient can create certain technical difficulties for the surgeon.

The article presents the results of a study on morphofunctional changes in the myocardium and the degree of their severity in the context of experimental diabetes mellitus. The authors used a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model, which develops after a single intraperitoneal injection of an experimentally determined diabetogenic dose. A comprehensive analysis was conducted of the structural changes in cardiomyocytes, connective tissue, and vascular components under experimental diabetes mellitus. Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardium were performed in Wistar rats, and the results were statistically evaluated. The study revealed that under the modeled pathology, cardiomyocytes undergo significant morphofunctional changes, expressed in particular by a decrease in the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes led to the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the myocardium, accompanied by a reduction in the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes. There was a significant increase in the volume density of collagen fibers in the interstitial and perivascular spaces, resulting in fibrosis development. An increase in the Kernohan index demonstrated changes in the vascular wall: thickening of the media and a reduction in the inner diameter of blood vessels led to impaired tissue oxygenation in the myocardium. The morphofunctional changes in the myocardium observed under experimental diabetes mellitus indicate a shift of adaptive-compensatory processes toward decompensation and the development of myocardial dystrophy.

The authors studied data from autopsy reports of 643 individuals who had suffered from arterial hypertension during their lifetime. Cases that could be another cause of left or right ventricular hypertrophy were excluded from the study. Hypertrophy of the left and right ventricular walls was conditionally divided into two degrees: moderate left ventricular hypertrophy – 1^st degree (1.3–2.0 cm), pronounced – 2^nd degree (2.1 cm and more); moderate right ventricular hypertrophy – 1^st degree (0.4–0.6 cm), pronounced – 2^nd degree (0.7 cm and more). According to autopsy findings, arterial hypertension leads to left ventricular hypertrophy in all cases, with moderate hypertrophy being detected slightly more frequently than marked hypertrophy. Right ventricular hypertrophy was not detected in only 13% of cases, with severe hypertrophy predominating over moderate hypertrophy. The most frequent causes of death in arterial hypertension are acute heart failure (60.4%) and cerebral hemorrhage (37.2%). Myocardial infarction was detected in 1.2% of cases, other causes also in 1.2% of cases. Myocardial mass and degree of hypertrophy of both ventricles of the heart directly influence the causes of death in arterial hypertension. In degree 2 left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac death develops 3.7 times more often in men and 3.0 times more often in women compared with cerebral causes. In 2nd degree right ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac cause of death compared to cerebral cause predominates 2.96 times more often in men and 2.37 times more often in women. Cerebral cause of death significantly prevails over cardiac cause of death in moderate hypertrophy of both left and right ventricles of the heart.

To identify patterns of histological changes in the small and large intestines of white mice, as well as to evaluate the corrective potential of senolytic agents in these conditions, the authors conducted a study using outbred white mice selected based on a case-control design. A selective p53 activator – FOXO4DRI – was used. On day 14 following doxorubicin administration, the results obtained allowed for key conclusions regarding the presence of distinct sex-based differences in response to equivalent doses of doxorubicin. The senolytic agent FOXO4DRI demonstrated a pronounced pro-apoptotic effect, particularly in labile cell populations. Additionally, the intensity of the response to the drug showed a dose-dependent pattern.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating platelet function in women of different ages with hematuria associated with the spontaneous elimination of calculi from the urinary tract. The study included 89 women with imaging-confirmed urinary tract calculi and verified hematuria. Platelet aggregation was assessed after incubation with ADP (a ligand of purinergic P2Y receptors), U-46619 (a stable thromboxane A₂ analog and TR receptor ligand), ATP (a ligand of purinergic P2X1 receptors), epinephrine (a non-selective α₂-adrenoreceptor ligand), type IV collagen (a GPVI receptor ligand), platelet-activating factor (a PAF receptor ligand), and adenosine (an A₂A receptor ligand). Platelet aggregation was measured using a ChronoLog analyzer (USA). Statistical analysis was performed using the MedCalc software package. The severity of microhematuria in Group 1 women was 49.2% higher (p < 0.001) than in Group 2 women. The study demonstrated that the stereotypical mechanism for increased platelet aggregation in hematuria associated with the spontaneous elimination of urinary tract stones is hyperreactivity of the PAF receptor and TR receptor. Specific regulation of the pro-aggregatory function of platelets in women of reproductive age is associated with activation of the P2X1 receptor, whereas in postmenopausal women it is linked to stimulation of the α₂-adrenoreceptor.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects up to 40% of pregnant women. Purpose of the study – to evaluate the impact of varying IDA severity on pregnancy and delivery terminations and neonatal status at term delivery. A retrospective study was conducted involving 263 pregnant women who delivered at term. Based on hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the third trimester, patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 – mild IDA (n=217), Group 2 – moderate IDA (n=43), and Group 3 – severe IDA (n=10). Pregnancy course, method of delivery, and neonatal status were compared. Significant differences in Hb levels were observed between the groups throughout pregnancy (p<0.001). In severe IDA, the incidence of hypertensive disorders (30% vs 5.5%, p=0.010) and oligohydramnios (50% vs 4.1%, p<0.001) was higher compared to mild IDA, and the incidence of chorioamnionitis was 10 times higher compared to other groups (p=0.005). With increasing IDA severity, neonatal birth weight significantly decreased (Group 1=3430 g, Group 2=3250 g, Group 3=3270 g; p<0.001). Women with severe IDA required parenteral iron therapy 30 times more often (33.3% vs 0.5%, p<0.001) and blood transfusion 25 times more often (70% vs 2.8%, p<0.001) than those with mild IDA. The results demonstrate that increasing severity of IDA is associated with a higher incidence of hypertensive disorders, oligohydramnios, infectious complications, reduced neonatal birth weight, and a significantly increased need for parenteral iron therapy and blood transfusion.

A healthy lifestyle is the most important way to maintain health and primary prevention of noncommunicable diseases. The main components of a healthy lifestyle are rational nutrition and the absence of negative behavioral factors such as smoking and alcohol abuse. International students who have arrived from India to the European North of Russia undergo complex physiological and social adaptation, which contributes to the transformation of their lifestyle. The nature and structure of nutrition is changing, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are noted. In this regard, it is important to study the lifestyle of students of the Indian ethnic group while living in the Arctic region of Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze behavioral factors affecting the lifestyle of ethnic Indians living in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation. The study included a sample of 405 ethnic Indians living in Arkhangelsk. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that in the group of Indians with long experience of living in the European North, only 40.9% of respondents consumed a sufficient amount of plant foods, which is significantly lower than among newly arrived students (p<0.001). With an increase in the length of residence in the North, there was a transition to a protein-lipid type of diet: consumption of meat (p<0.001), fish (p<0.001), semi-finished products (p<0.001), fast food (p<0.001) increased statistically significantly. Participants with long residence experience are significantly more susceptible (p<0.001) to negative factors (smoking and alcohol consumption).

In this article we analyze the literature data on the phenomenon of macroenzyme. The questions of the mechanisms of development of such a phenomenon, pathophysiological aspects are highlighted. We provided the study with the literature data on the genetic nature of the phenomenon as well as showing candidate genes, and describing variants. A rare variant of macroenzyme – macro–AST, is considered in detail, which, according to literature data, has descriptions of only isolated cases. An example of proper observation of a 12-month-old child with macro-AST is given, the manifestation and diagnostic search are described. It is shown that diagnosis in young children is difficult and time-consuming, and the assumption of the presence of the phenomenon is based on the exclusion of another pathology in the patient. Attention is drawn to the need for timely resolution of the issue of vaccination of a child in case of macro-AST, minimizing repeated studies of laboratory parameters of biochemical blood analysis and polypragmasy.

Micro ribonucleic acids (microRNA) are short, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that play a critical role in regulating a wide range of biological processes essential for maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions. In addition to their functions in normal cellular regulation, miRNAs are increasingly recognized for their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly through their influence on oxidative stress mechanisms. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and a deficiency in antioxidant defenses. It is now acknowledged as a key contributor to the development and progression of endometriosis. Recent studies have identified several microRNAs (miR-21, miR-23a, miR-30a, miR-34a, miR-125b, miR-132, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-200c, miR-205, miR-484, and miR-6516-5p) that regulate oxidative stress by directly or indirectly modulating the transcription of antioxidant enzymes. Given their role in modulating redox status in endometriosis, these microRNAs may serve as valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers for the condition, aiding in the assessment of severity and stage progression.

Practical healthcare professionals should be provided with modern, safe and effective medicines, the most important group of which are local anesthetics. Local anesthesia is especially necessary for a dentist. The use of anesthesia improves the quality of treatment and the patient's life, reduces stress and possible complications. However, the drugs themselves – local anesthetics, being chemicals, can have negative effects on the body due to patient’s individual differences, pathways of substance metabolism, possible interactions with other drugs, as well as the technology of anesthesia and the choice of a specific drug and dosage for treatment. The article considers the range of drugs used for local anesthesia in dentistry, currently available on the pharmaceutical market. We studied some adverse reactions to the use of local anesthetics; analyzed a clinical case of an ophthalmological patient with a limitation in the use of local anesthesia by a dentist during treatment. When using drugs for local injection anesthesia, it is important to consider the risk groups of patients, the combinations of drugs used, the composition of the injection drug, the presence of a vasoconstrictor and excipients.

The treatment of acute cerebral circulatory disorders and, in particular, ischemic stroke is a complex interdisciplinary task. One of the directions of therapy for ischemic stroke may be the use of neuroprotectors, pharmacologically active compounds that prevent the alteration of cerebral cells during the manifestation of the process of ischemic brain damage. The aim of the study was to experimentally analyze the neuroprotective potential of 3-oxo-3-p-tolyl-propyl-chromene-4-one in laboratory animals with ischemic reperfusion injury of the brain. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was modeled on Wistar rats by the method of filamentous occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The range of analyzed doses for the tested object was selected as follows: 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg. The reference was ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate at a dose of 50 mg/kg. This study demonstrated that when the studied object, 3–oxo-3-p-tolyl-propyl-chromene-4-one, was administered to animals at doses of 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, an increase in the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase was observed, while the indicators the groups that are receiving the test substance did not differ from those of the rats treated by the reference. Also, against the background of the administration of the studied compound and the reference agent, a decrease in the concentration of apoptosis-inducing factor and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide was noted, in comparison with the indicators of the group of untreated rats. The obtained data indicate the presence of 3-oxo-3-p-tolyl-propyl-chromene-4-one neuroprotective activity comparable to that of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, which makes this compound promising for further study as a neuroprotector used in conditions of ischemic stroke.

Currently, the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has gained significant importance, as cardiac dysfunction contributes substantially to disease progression and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. The prevalence of cardiac involvement in patients with liver cirrhosis was studied using electrocardiography and laboratory data. Three subgroups were formed according to the severity of the disease based on the Child–Pugh classification. As a result of the study, left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 75% of patients, and intraventricular conduction disturbances were found in 40% of cases; in some patients, anterior fascicular block of the left bundle branch was combined with left ventricular hypertrophy. Arrhythmias were recorded in half of the patients, and atrial fibrillation was detected in one patient. Normal levels of fibrinogen, total cholesterol, and platelets, along with increased blood coagulability, do not exclude the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population are an urgent problem of modern pediatric science. This pathology carries short-term and long-term problems. At the same time, early detection and treatment, as a rule, neutralize serious health problems, since they are initially functional in nature. The article discusses the prevalence, cardinal symptoms of metabolic syndrome in pediatric practice, the relevance of the issue under consideration is highlighted from the standpoint of world experience. The symptom complex of metabolic syndrome combines abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, impaired lipid spectrum and insulin resistance. The presence of these metabolic disorders increases the risk of developing heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The authors conclude that a multi-level approach, starting with preventive measures in primary care, to therapeutic ones in specialized centers and hospitals, including both medical and educational activities, can effectively help such patients. Early detection of metabolic syndrome components in children can reduce future morbidity and mortality.

The article presents the results of a study on the age-related dynamics of plasma renin levels in healthy individuals and patients with arterial hypertension, including both men and women in different age groups: young adults (25–44 years), middle-aged adults (45–59 years), and older adults (60 years and older). The study revealed the following pattern: with age, healthy men and women showed a progressive and significant decrease in plasma renin levels compared to the young adult group. In contrast, patients with arterial hypertension demonstrated a significant increase in renin levels with age. The age-related trend in plasma renin levels was similar in men and women but was more pronounced in men.

In the study we assessed the levels of lipoprotein (a) in relation to clinical, laboratory, and instrumental parameters in young individuals with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This observational case-control study included 100 participants divided into two groups: Group 1 (“cases”) – 50 young individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; and Group 2 (“controls”) – 50 young individuals without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was found that young individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had higher body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total fat mass, visceral fat, and serum triglyceride levels, as well as lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, compared to the control group. In addition, significantly higher serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a) were observed in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group. Multivariate analysis showed that lipoprotein (a) levels, along with age, male sex, and visceral fat levels, were independently associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young individuals. In clinical practice, measuring lipoprotein (a) levels in high-risk groups may enhance early screening and risk stratification for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.