Clinical and anatomical and functional studies of the liver venous circulation were conducted in 165 patients with chronic hepatitis. Three groups of patients with different manifestations of the activity of the pathological process in the liver were identified: low (65), medium (55) and high (45). Hemodynamic parameters of the liver venous circulation were studied: diameter, cross-sectional area of large veins, maximum and volumetric blood flow velocity, and portal vein pressure indicators. It was revealed that with minimal activity, these indicators increase, but remain within the upper limit of normal, the type of blood supply is eukinetic; with moderate activity of the process, the pressure in the portal vein increases, its diameter expands, the indicators are average between the groups, different types of blood circulation are noted, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic variants appear. With a high degree of activity, the pressure in the portal vein increases significantly, its diameter increases, the linear blood flow velocity decreases, the blood circulation type is hypokinetic. The structural and functional state of the venous system of the liver, circulatory disorders depend on the level of development of cytolytic and cholestatic processes in the liver tissue. The most significant changes are associated with the development of portal hypertension syndrome, while a relationship was observed between the pressure in the portal vein, the diameter of the portal vein and morphological disorders in the liver tissue. The analysis of the conducted research data allows us to draw a conclusion about the stage-by-stage development of pathological disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis, the initial period has a compensatory nature (hyperkinetic blood flow), with the increase of morphological changes, typical signs of decompensation of liver functions appear (hypokinetic blood flow). The results of the study confirm the need to monitor the state of the venous system of the liver and correct the identified disorders in the process of treating patients with chronic hepatitis and cholestasis.

The article analyzes the data of ultrasound examination of age-related features of structural changes in the layers and vessels of the skin. The soft tissues of the face were evaluated and ultrasound examinations of the skin layers and vessels of sixty female patients aged 45 to 55 years were characterized. A correlation has been revealed between changes in the mechanical properties of the skin layers and microcirculation features in different morphotypes of aging, which manifest themselves in different thicknesses, mechanical properties and microcirculation features. Signs of involution of the fine-wrinkled type of aging are caused by a violation of microcirculation of the first type, in which the intensity of blood flow correlates with the level of metabolic activity of the surrounding tissues. The deformational type of aging is characterized by blood deposition, venous stagnation and, as a result, destruction of capillaries, an increase in the size of the perivascular zone.

Aspiration pneumonia has a fairly large proportion among severe pneumonias and a high mortality rate. This article discusses some morphological aspects of changes in the lungs of experimental animals after aspiration of acidin-pepsin into the respiratory tract. As an object of study, white mongrel rats were used, formed according to the principle of pairs of analogues, with the allocation of experimental and control groups. On the 21st day of the experiment, the animals were removed from the experiment. As a result, morphological examination revealed a pronounced reaction of the pulmonary parenchyma. In all experimental animals, damage to the mucous membrane of the bronchi and bronchioles, circulatory disorders, cellular inflammatory infiltration, the development of atelectasis, dystelectasis, and emphysema were noted.

We have analyzed 674 autopsy reports of patients who died suddenly within 24 hours (myocardial infarction, stroke) and who suffered from arterial hypertension (AH) during their lifetime. There were 388 men (60,3%) and 255 women (39,7%). The study excluded cases that could have been caused by another cause of development (left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy) of LVH or RVH (defects, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.). The subjects were divided into 7 age groups, with a 10-year step, starting with the age category up to 29 years old and ending with the older age group of 80 years and older. Heart size was determined with a measuring metal ruler. Ventricular muscle thickness was determined on transverse incisions made midway between the apex of the heart and the valve ring. The normal thickness of the left ventricle wall (excluding papillary muscles) was taken to be 0,7-1,2 cm, and the right ventricle wall thickness was 0,2-0,3 cm. The authors concluded that right ventricular hypertrophy is a common manifestation of hypertension; there are gender differences in the incidence and severity of RVH. A close relationship was found between the hypertrophies of both ventricles of the heart. In the presence of LV hypertrophy, RV hypertrophy develops in a significant number of cases (87%).

The problem of postcovid syndrome is relevant due to the high incidence of COVID-19, as well as the lack of awareness of medical professionals about its consequences, the pathogenesis of postcovid syndrome remains controversial and requires further research. The aim of the study was to determine the morphological manifestations of lung pathology in postcovid syndrome in 2021-2023 based on the study of autopsy material. After analyzing retrospective morphological studies of 34 autopsy cases diagnosed with postcovid syndrome, it was revealed that among the changes in lung tissue, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (71%), common interstitial pneumonia (44%), bronchopneumonia (26%) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (24%) were the predominant processes. Hemorrhagic heart attacks also attracted attention (9%). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis and adenocarcinoma were more rare (3% each). It is worth noting that in almost all cases, there were phenomena of vasculitis, fullness and thrombosis of small vessels in the surrounding lung tissue.

Currently, premature aging of the population is one of the global problems. It attracts the attention of not only gerontologists, but also scientists from various fields of knowledge – biochemists, physiologists, psychologists and ecologists. The article presents an assessment of the biochemical metabolic processes course in relation to the physiological functions and features of the autonomic nervous system functioning, reveals the physiological, biochemical and psycho-emotional mechanisms of aging and analyzes the main differences between the processes occurring during physiological aging and against the background of premature aging. Studies of the muscle strength and endurance state and the working capacity of the nervous system have been conducted. The authors show the relationship between the occurrence of premature aging and the quality of life state, man-made pollution of all parts of the biosphere, which contributes to the occurrence of environmental diseases and a reduction in life expectancy. A brief analysis of the state of this problem in different countries has been carried out.

The article analyzes data on promising approaches to the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) presented in peer-reviewed sources indexed in the Pubmed and Russian Science Citation Index databases for the period 2019–2024. It has been demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota enhances neuroprotection through neuronal pathways, suppresses inflammation, and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Analysis of the presented data suggests that the intestinal microbiota can serve as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The authors state that melatonin is a promising therapeutic molecule in the treatment of IS. Melatonin is able to inhibit oxidative stress. Melatonin inhibits neuroinflammation in ischemic brain tissue by suppressing the SIRT1 pathway, inhibiting the phenotypic polarization of microglia to M2, and reducing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The authors noted that melatonin is an active participant in neurogenesis in the ischemic injury zone through activation of MT1 and MT2 receptors, as well as direct activating effect on calmodulin kinase type 2. The analysis reflects the role of stem cells. Stem cells, in particular human neural progenitor cells, are able to restore lost nervous tissue through high neuroregenerative potential, form synaptic connections with intact neurons of the brain. Bone marrow stem cells have a pronounced migration capacity, which allows them to be delivered to the site of ischemic brain damage by intravenous administration; mesenchymal stem cells, in addition to high proliferative potential, modulate neuroinflammation through the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Currently, there is a demand among the population for herbal remedies based on plant materials, since most medicinal plants contain various biologically active substances in addition to vitamins. Most herbal remedies have proven themselves to be safe and low toxic compared to chemical ones.

Melilotus oficinalis (L.) Pall. is of great interest to the pharmacological industry in many countries. Dried upper parts of sweet clover plants are used as medicinal raw materials. The leaves and stems contain the most coumarin, coumaric acid, dicoumarol, melilotin, essential oil and mucus. In addition, vitamins C and B₄, saponins, carotene, tocopherol, protein, fiber, tannins, cymarin, resins, flavonoids, minerals, sugars, fat-like substances were found in the plant. According to literature data, remedies obtained based on coumarin calm the central nervous system, stop convulsions, reduce blood pressure, improve blood supply to the myocardium, brain, abdominal organs, reduce swelling and stop the inflammatory process.

Due to the complex composition of biologically active substances, the plant of sweet clover is used for a very wide range of diseases of the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and immune systems, for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in the genitourinary female and male spheres, for rheumatism, arthrosis, arthritis and in homeopathy.

The chemical composition of sweet clover has been studied depending on the phases of plant development, which is of great practical importance for the search for safe, effective, low-toxic drugs. Literary data on changes in the chemical composition in dynamics have not yet been sufficiently studied, and do not allow the correct procurement of plant raw materials. It should be noted that all studies on this issue relate mainly to sweet clover of the second year of life.

The problem of the prevalence of upper respiratory tract diseases, including acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, requires timely, high-quality medical and pharmaceutical care. Decongestants are the basis of rhinosinusitis therapy. The results of studying the range of adrenomimetics (code R01AA) are presented. The set of vasoconstrictive nasal medication is characterized by a wide range, 15 international nonproprietary names (INN) and their combinations are represented on the pharmaceutical market. To facilitate breathing, patients often independently use over-the-counter vasoconstrictors in the form of various dosage forms, while timely assistance from a pharmaceutical worker is important. When choosing a drug for the treatment of acute and chronic rhinitis, one of the fundamental factors is the duration of the therapeutic effect and the absence of side effects. Oxymetazoline's leading position among modern decongestants is explained by its use only twice a day. The article shows the processes of a significant increase in the release of oxymetazoline in various dosage forms. The pharmaceutical market has a sufficient range of decongestants in the form of modern dosage forms.

The article presents a study of the practice of self-medication and unmotivated purchases of medicines and dietary supplements by customers of pharmacies in Krasnoyarsk. The analysis revealed a high proportion of people who practice self-medication – 78,5%, and extremely low medical literacy of clients in terms of purchasing and motivating the choice of medicines and dietary supplements was determined. The stated problems indicate the need to increase the level of medical literacy and health culture of the population. In this regard, modern approaches have been identified to accompany the patient to form the motivation for "responsible self-medication". The noted problems indicate the need to raise awareness among the customers of pharmacies in Krasnoyarsk regarding the possible negative consequences of self-medication, as well as the need to increase the level of public health culture.

The article discusses the problem of combined infection of tuberculosis and new coronavirus infection during the pandemic. The search for effective means for the treatment of patients with tuberculosis and new coronavirus infection, as well as the prevention of complications of these diseases is a priority for phthisiologists and infectious disease specialists. The class of regulators of the body's internal defense systems, according to their pharmacological activity, belong to antibiotic adjuvants. A representative of this class is the domestic Glutoxim drug. The main pharmacological effects of this drug are the antimicrobial therapy enhancement, including increasing the availability of the microorganism (pathogen) to the action of drugs and, subsequently, overcoming the drug resistance of microorganisms, as well as eliminating the imbalance of redox homeostasis. The article shows the effectiveness of Glutoxim in the treatment of patients with tuberculosis and new coronavirus infection.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type I (Santavuori-Haltia disease) is an orphan disease from the group of neuronal lipofuscinoses. The article analyzes the literature data on the frequency of this group of diseases. The issues of the pathogenesis of lipofuscinosis are highlighted. The literature data on the genetic nature of the disease were studied, candidate genes of lipofuscinosis, clinical variants of the course of the disease were shown. An example of a 3-year-old child's own observation is given, the manifestation and course of the disease are described. It is shown that diagnosis does not cause difficulties due to the availability of genetic typing, but modern therapy does not prevent the progression of the disease, pathogenetic therapy drugs are under development. Attention is drawn to the need for primary care physicians to be wary of orphan diseases. Clinical manifestations are shown in which it is necessary to consult a geneticist and genetic testing.

The authors have developed a method of psychoeducational psychotherapy within the framework of restorative treatment of patients by general practitioners using communication skills. A course that includes a role-play with simulated patients, aimed at developing communication skills and empathy among medical students is presented. The article analyzes the degree of medical students’ success in developing communication skills and empathy using a role-playing game with a simulated patient for further use in practical medicine in terms of psychoeducational psychotherapy for effective communication with patients. The authors developed a training course that is different from traditional communication training in many ways. The checklist of the examination station “Gathering information and anamnesis” was used as an assessment tool. Empathy was assessed using the CARE questionnaire. Medical students demonstrated differentiated verbal and non-verbal communication during the role-play. It is shown in the manuscript that the proposed methodology has definite advantages, and that more detailed training in non-verbal communication may be required in order to increase students' awareness of this type of communication, as well as to increase the effectiveness of doctor-patient interaction. The data presented in this study indicate that the proposed methodology of teaching communication skills – role-playing with a simulated patient – allows to significantly develop communication skills and empathy among medical students.