The results of modeling the process of reflection of a chirp signal from a multilayer coating based on ring resonators with the possibility of switching the resonant absorption frequency are presented. The developed model makes it possible to obtain a signal at the output of the correlator of a radar station without considering the propagation medium. The model investigation shows the appearance of passive modulation when the chirp signal is reflected from the coating, which manifests itself in the appearance of additional peaks at the output of the correlator.

The paper proposes mathematical models that can be used by self-driving cars equipped with V2X systems to form danger zones. That is, areas where a collision with another vehicle can occur as a result of a maneuver. A classification of possible sections of the road and their reducibility to those considered within the framework of the proposed models has been carried out. A mathematical model of a linear section of the road is presented, as well as mathematical models of intersections and variants of their equivalence. The model describes the potential maneuvering space for the car. Danger zones have been formalized, the calculation of which is based on the results of the exchange of information about intentions between self-driving cars over wireless networks built on V2X technology.

The radar and the Automatic Identification System (AIS) are the most important navigation systems. Combining radar and AIS data is an important task in the maritime information system. However, there are some differences between the radar and AIS in terms of characteristics and possibilities. This article explores these characteristics and evaluates the differences between them. This study is the basis for solving the problem of combining radar and AIS data. The experimental results are presented in the third section. The direction of the next stage is indicated in the conclusion.

The effectiveness of remote marine monitoring systems including remote bathymetric measurements essential for the sea navigation, risk assessment and forecasting of anomalous phenomena requires the development of adequate sea surface models. In this article we propose a novel approach to the sea surface measurements for different sea depth, as well as wind speed and direction. We have performed computer simulations of sea wave dynamics for seven directional wave spectra and JONSWAP energy spectrum. Two-dimensional sea wave spectra have been estimated. In addition, we analyzed the range and the directional fluctuation functions of the respective models using detrended fluctuation analysis. Our results indicate that the range fluctuation functions exhibit two asymptotic regimes separated by a characteristic crossover point that is explicitly determined by the sea depth and the wind speed, respectively. Based on the results of the analysis, an original approach to the remote measurement of sea depth both in the presence and in the absence of autonomous wind speed measurements in suggested.

Moisture content is an important parameter of natural gas during its extraction, transportation and processing. Natural gas moisture analyzers are used to monitor the natural gas drying process and in gas metering units to monitor agreed specifications. When transporting gas under high pressure or at low temperatures, high measurement accuracy is important, since deep dehydration is quite expensive, and transporting gas with a high-water content can also lead to premature wear of pipes and fittings. The temporary cessation of supplies of the most commonly used moisture analyzers caused the need to develop domestic analogues. In the work, an electrical block diagram was developed, electrical circuit solutions were worked out and nominal values of electronic components for the manufacture of printed circuit boards and blocks of a prototype device for assessing the moisture of natural gas were selected. In particular, a voltage converter to diode laser current, a thermistor resistance converter to voltage and a pressure and temperature sensor for an analytical cell were developed, photodiode amplifiers and voltage stabilizers were selected, and a system for adjusting and stabilizing the temperature of the reference cell was developed.

The article discusses procedures for increasing the spatial resolution of spectrograms by merging a panchromatic image and a hyperspectral one. High spatial resolution is necessary for various applications, for example, monitoring of air pollution, monitoring of heavy metals in soil and vegetation, crop conditions. An important condition for this type of image processing is the preservation of the constancy of the spatial structure of the spectral image with an increase in its spatial resolution. The need for such processing methods is caused by the need to improve the accuracy of remote sensing. The paper focuses on the procedures for merging images using wavelet transform. The experimental technique and methods for quantifying the quality of the resulting image are considered, and the results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the effectiveness of using standard methods for calculating wavelet transform coefficients.

The article discusses the formation of spectral images in television multispectral and hyperspectral systems. A hyperspectral data cube contains more information than a multispectral system cube, however, hyperspectral systems have limitations in the spatial and temporal domain. The existing correlation between hyperspectral and multispectral information and the availability of data on the reflectivity of the studied scene make it possible to build a pseudo-hyperspectral system based on a multispectral one with a limited number of visualized spectral channels. At the same time, as a result of post-session processing, a limited number of multispectral images are converted into pseudo-hyperspectral images corresponding to several hundred spectral channels. The minimum multispectral system can be considered a television system consisting of three channels R, G and B. To implement the procedure for obtaining pseudo-hyperspectral images at the first stage of processing R, G, B components, it is necessary to implement methods to improve their color resolution and ensure white balance. The article considers the possibility of using the video information processing method based on the theory of nonlinear two-component vision of the Soviet engineer S. D.Remenko for the above problem.

In this work, the microwave magnetoelectric effect in the layered ferrite-piezoelectric structures YIG-GGG-PZT and YIG-GGG-PMN-PT in the microwave range is studied. The active development of modern microwave technology leads to the study of new materials with different physical properties, as well as to the creation of new layered structures from these materials, which can be combined: magnetic and ferroelectric, magnetic and semiconductor, etc. As a result of the experimental study, the dependences of the microwave magnetoelectric effect, which manifests itself in the ferromagnetic resonance line shift, in the YIG-GGG-PZT and YIG-GGG-PMN-PT ferrite-piezoelectric structures were obtained. Based on the data obtained from the experimental study, it can be concluded that the effect of ferromagnetic resonance line shift can be used to develop a new generation of controllable microwave solid-state electronics devices, such as isolators, attenuators, circulators, phase shifters, filters, etc.

The article presents an experimental study of the magnetoelectric (ME) effect in composite structures with closed geometry in the form of a toroid. The experimental study was carried out on the basis of magnetostrictive-piezoelectric Metglas (AMAG-225) and PZT-19 materials. It has been found that the value of the output voltage increases due to an increase in the volume fraction of the magnetostrictive phase to a certain number of layers. The experimentally obtained dependences of the output voltage on the frequency of the supplied signal at constant current values are presented. It is also shown that with an increase in the number of Metglas layers in the structure, a shift in the resonant frequency is observed. The main advantage of this structure is the uniform distribution of the magnetic flux and the independence of this distribution from the position of the direct current wire within the hole. The magnetostrictive-piezoelectric structure investigated in the article provides ample opportunities for designing various magnetoelectronic systems, for example, contactless high current sensors with wireless data transmission.

The production of liposomal preparations involves the production and reduction of liposomes to sizes ranging from 50 to 200 nm. For these purposes, either the method of sonicating the liposomal solution or its extrusion is used. When using the sonication method, particles with a size of about 200 nm are obtained. At the same time, the extrusion method makes it possible to obtain particles of any size within a given range. The size of the homogenized liposomes is determined by the geometric characteristics of the membrane through which the liposomes pass. The article considers a method for obtaining membranes based on porous anodized alumina and the possibility of using them for homogenization of liposomes. The membranes obtained during the work were anodized in an oxalic acid-based electrolyte in a potentiostatic mode at low temperatures. The layers of barrier aluminum oxide and pure aluminum, covering the reverse side of the pores, were removed by chemical etching in a solution of phosphoric acid and a saturated solution of copper chloride, respectively. As a result, aluminum oxide membranes with a pore diameter of ~100 nm and a thickness of ~100 µm were obtained. The experimental data on the thickness parameters were confirmed by theoretical calculations.

Various methods of forming inter-device insulation on AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures grown on silicon substrates are considered. Methods of isolation using nitrogen (N+) ion implantation technology and isolation of devices by mesa etching are shown. To assess the resistivity on the surface of AlGaN/AlN/GaN, test structures with ohmic contacts separated by a semiconductor with known dimensions were made. The ohmic contacts were formed by electron-beam sputtering of the Ti/Al/Ni/Au metal system. Mesa insulation was formed by reactive ion etching on a plant equipped with an inductively coupled plasma source in a chlorine-containing medium based on a Cl2/BCl3/Ar gas mixture. The etching was carried out at a power of an inductively coupled plasma source of 40 W and a high-frequency power of 80 W through a photoresist mask. The specific surface resistance after mesa etching was 5.5•108ohms/sec. However, there are disadvantages of the mesa etching process associated with ion bombarding of the surfaces and the profile of the side walls. An alternative method of manufacturing inter-device insulation is ion implantation. The technology of planar ion implantation avoids the contact of the gate with a layer of two-dimensional electron gas on the side walls of the mesa, which leads to stable operation of the device. Nitrogen ions (N+) were selected as an implantable impurity for the formation of inter-device isolation by ion implantation. The dose dependences of the specific surface resistance of the inter-device insulation have been investigated. The modes of ion implantation have been established: the energy of the introduced ions is 125 keV, low doses are 3 • 1013 cm-2, the implantation is carried out without the presence of protective dielectric coatings. The insulation resistance obtained by the method of ion implantation of nitrogen N+, when exposed to temperatures in the range from 250 to 350 °C, has consistently high values.

A method is proposed for the relativistic description of the dynamics of systems of particles interacting through an auxiliary field which in the static mode is equivalent to given interatomic potentials, and in the dynamic mode is a classical relativistic field. It has been established that for static interatomic potentials, the Fourier transform of which is a rational algebraic function of the wave vector, the auxiliary field is a composition of elementary fields, each of which satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, which is generally characterized by a complex mass. The interaction between particles through an auxiliary field is nonlocal both in space variables and in time (interaction retardation effect). A qualitative analysis of the relativistic dynamics of the simplest few-particle systems with retarded interaction has been carried out. The relativistic mechanisms of both thermodynamic behavior and synergetic effects in few-body systems have been established.

The work is devoted to the application of the generalized Lifshitz model and the theory of deformation potential to the analytical study of the energy spectrum of solid solutions of isovalent substitution of A3B5 semiconductor compounds. The theory takes into account the difference between the intrinsic potentials of the substituting and substituted atoms, as well as the deformation of the crystal lattice due to the difference in the atomic sizes of the impurity and substituted atoms. The main deformation effects in substitutional solid solutions have been considered and the choice of the zero approximation (zero approximation crystal model) has been discussed. Within the framework of the Green function method, a self-consistent method for calculating the band gap of a solution Al 𝑐𝑐1 (1)Ga 𝑐𝑐2 (1) In 1−𝑐𝑐1 (1) −𝑐𝑐2 (1)P 𝑐𝑐1 (2)As 𝑐𝑐2 (2)Sb 1−𝑐𝑐1 (2) −𝑐𝑐2 (2) is presented in a wide range of compositions, numerical modeling of energy gaps and deformation potentials has been carried out. The prospects of further development of the theory have been considered.

In this study, the dependences of the volt-ampere characteristics of solar cells on the concentration of carbon quantum dots in a functional coating based on polyvinyl butyral are considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of carbon quantum dots (CQD) obtained in the volume of a polyvinyl butyral film on the surface of silicon mono- and polycrystalline solar cells (SC) on changes in the parameters of the volt-ampere characteristics for various conditions of obtaining by pulling and pumping the solution. The solution of carbon quantum dots in xylene was provided by Finteca LLC, Moscow. The photoluminescence method based on the MDR-41 monochromator was used to obtain the luminescence spectra of the CQD confirming the particle size, the volt-ampere characteristics of solar cells were obtained on the SolarLab 20- UST complex before and after the application of functional coatings, giving a comparative analysis of the main parameters of solar cells. The coatings with inclusions of carbon quantum dots make it possible to increase the efficiency of silicon solar cells by 2–4 %. Thus, functional coatings based on polyvinyl butyral and carbon quantum dots are a promising analogue to other functional coatings for solar cells, for example, Si3N4, CaF2.

The previously proposed method of tensor fields is applied to the description of an inhomogeneous binary mixture. The deterministic correlation functions of the joint distribution of the mixture components introduced in this work can be expressed in terms of local tensor fields, each of which describes inhomogeneity in the distribution of particles of only a certain kind. The proposed method solves the problem of the linear response of the model ion system to a small external mechanical perturbation. It is shown that for systems of charged particles interacting only through the Coulomb field, the density perturbation strongly depends on the degree of electroneutrality of the system. If such a system as a whole is electrically neutral, the density perturbation of a binary mixture component is determined only by the properties of this component. In the case when the temperatures of individual components differ, the situation changes significantly.

The methods of photolithography process control are of particular importance in modern microelectronics. In technological processes with design rules of 130 nm or less, photoresist masks often become three-dimensional. The traditionally used method for controlling critical dimensions, that is scanning electron microscopy, does not always meet the precision requirements for monitoring such structures due to the shrinkage effect of ArF-resist. Moreover, the control of the processes of manufacturing photoresist mask elements should imply measurements of its full profile (lateral and vertical sizes, sidewall angle, etc.). In this paper, the method of optical scatterometry is considered as a tool for controlling the geometric parameters of a periodic photoresist mask. A comparative analysis of the critical size measurement results obtained by scatterometry and scanning electron microscopy is presented. The potential for application of optical scatterometry for photolithography process in-line control was assessed.

This article briefly discusses methods for determining the capacity of acid batteries of forklifts. Of all the methods considered in this work, the choice of a combined method for determining the capacity of acid batteries is proposed. This method is used in combination with a mathematical model that was developed for a forklift battery based on experimental data obtained in production. A specialist in the field of power electronics, having this method, is able to develop an automated charger. This charger will optionally be able to automatically monitor changes in the capacity of acid batteries, adjust the charging current and voltage and provide information about the remaining service life of the working model of the acid battery. A mathematical model of the change in the capacity of the traction battery of the 80V 4PzSH 480 Ah battery is given. The mathematical expressions of the charging current and the capacity of this battery are presented in the model.