The volume of sea and river transportation is increasing every year. As a result, the requirements for security systems in water transport are increasing. Among the measures to improve the safety of navigation, one of the most important ones is the improvement of data processing methods in ship control systems, including the target trajectory tracking. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the target trajectory tracking. An interactive multi-model (IMM) algorithm is proposed for tracking maneuvering surface vessels. The simulation of the work of the algorithm for trajectory filtering of targets in the Matlab environment is given. The next direction is suggested in the conclusion.

The effectiveness of the implementation of radar systems for water areas monitoring is inextricably linked with the creation of adequate models of the radar cross-section (RCS) of the sea surface, which are required for the efficient detection and tracking of surface objects in order to ensure the safety of marine navigation. The article considers the influence of shading of waves that are far from the observer by closer ones. The modeling of the sea surface based on the Longuet-Higgins probability model for various sea surface conditions ranging from moderate to strong is considered and corresponding simulations are performed. For the obtained models, statistical analysis of the visibility of water surface areas was carried out. It is shown that within the applied wave model, the shading effect appears the most pronounced when the direction of observation is collinear with the wind direction, and the least pronounced at the perpendicular direction. It has been established that with strong waves, the effect of shading is more pronounced. Based on the results of the analysis, an approach to take into account the shading effect in modeling the RCS of the sea surface was proposed.

A method of obtaining signal-to-noise values at the output of the synthesized antenna array of an ultrasonic stand in the presence of active interference is considered. This method uses an algorithm for implementing the experimental scenario, which has spatial correlations during processing radar information in an ultrasonic location stand. It is shown that when forming the measurement procedure, the spatial position of the transmitter and the angle reflector also contributes to the evaluation of the data obtained, as does the position of the interference source, which directly affects the formation of the result. Examples of the received information about the position of the corner reflector according to the ultrasonic location stand data with direct interference are given. The considered method makes it possible to conduct research to assess the effect of active interference and noise on the algorithms of operation and functioning processes of real radar stations based on an ultrasonic location stand.

This paper discusses the results of our comprehensive studies of the temperature-baric dependences of the effective thermal conductivity of granites. For a detailed analysis, we selected some published experimental results of the temperature and pressure dependences of the effective thermal conductivity of a number of granites (as well as granitoids) in the temperature and pressure ranges of ~273– 900 K and 0.1–1500 MPa, which corresponds to the parameters of rocks from the surface layer to depths of more than 50 km of the continental crust. A low-parametric description of the temperature-baric dependence of the effective thermal conductivity is proposed, which is in good agreement with the experimental data, at least in the temperature range of ~273–600 K, in the absence of irreversible changes in the samples as a result of the thermobaric effect.

An asymptotic solution has been obtained by the method of integral relations of the problem of rock heating for the case of a production well operated in a steady state. In underground hydraulics and oil production, such asymptotics are widely used for practical estimates of temperature profiles along the wellbore and temperature at the wellhead. A unified formula for the outflow (inflow) of heat into the rock is proposed, which is used to estimate heat losses from the wellbore and the temperature profile along the wellbore after the initial period, after reaching the steady state.

The results of an experimental study of the acoustic emission spectra in the frequency range 20-200 kHz, which occur when the temperature of the aluminum melt decreases from 860 to 660 °C are presented. The interrelation of acoustic signals with the processes of structural transformations in the melt with a change in temperature is considered.

The high-speed deformation of aged alloys containing alloying elements has been theoretically analyzed. An expression for the contribution of the Guinier-Preston zones to the value of the dynamic yield strength has been obtained. Dynamic effects have a significant influence on the motion of dislocation ensembles. The dynamic yield strength under certain conditions does not depend on the rate of plastic deformation. The concentration dependence of the dynamic yield strength is determined by the competition between the interaction of dislocations with alloying elements and dislocations of the ensemble. If the interaction with alloying elements dominates, the dynamic yield strength decreases with increasing their concentration. If the collective interaction of dislocations dominates, the yield strength decreases as their density increases.

Design of organized microheterogeneous systems for fast disrupting (disintegration) of acylcontaining substrates (including organophosphorus compounds) is based on the use of highly reactive compounds. Reagents (catalysts) ability to provide “turnover” is of great impotence. Kinetic regularities for 4-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) deacylation with 1-methyl-3-(2-hydroximinoethyl)-imidazolium chloride (oxime), chloral, and their mixtures were studied in water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solutions, under pH = const and [CTAB] = 10-2 M. Rate constants dependences upon nucleophile (catalyst) and detergent concentration are typical for reactions in water and micellar pseudophase. Transferring of PNPA deacylation from water into surfactant micelles leads to three orders rate enhancement. Kinetic experiments at different substrate concentrations indicate that a) first order rate constant in the chloral-CTAB system does not change up to tenfold excess of PNPA; b) first order rate constant in the oxime-CTAB system decreases for approx. 40% at PNPA excess; c) all advantages of “turnover” are achievable in the system chloral-oxime-CTAB, where chloral provides first disintegration of acylated oxime with generation of highly reactive oximate-ion. Results obtained pave the way to modifying organized microheterogeneous systems, first of all, by surfactant structure changes.

The results of studies of surface morphology and composition of copper coatings obtained by electrodeposition at high current densities are presented. It is shown that the copper deposits have a pyramidal growth of crystals with the formation of crystalline aggregates with distinct edges. Thus, the crystals were characterized by a homogeneous form over the entire surface area of the samples. Increasing the current density and, accordingly, overvoltage leads to an increase of the number of crystal nuclei, that causes formation of large crystalline aggregates due to the fusion of neighboring crystals. Electrodeposition conditions at high current densities make it possible to control the values of electrochemical and diffusion factors as well as the mechanism of nucleation and growth of copper crystals. The results obtained indicate that by varying the conditions of electrolysis, it is possible to obtain copper deposits with a specific microcrystalline structure.

The results of studying thin polycrystalline perovskite layers of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) are presented. The resulting MAPbI₃ layers demonstrate a characteristic absorption spectrum, optical band gap, and photoresponse to irradiation in the visible region of the spectrum. Two crystallization mechanisms have been found in the MAPbI₃ layer during heating, which ensure the formation of a film of crystallites with characteristic sizes of 100–200 nm and long dendritic structures with a length of more than 50 μm. A space-charge-limited current regime has been registered, as well as hysteresis due to ion migration.

Peroxyhydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl esters of phosphoric and phosphonic acids has been studied in organized microheterogeneous systems based on dimeric cationic imidazole-containing surfactants (AlkIm⁺-(CH₂)_m-Im⁺Alk ∙ 2Br^- , m = 2,3,4, Alk = C₁₂H₂₅, C₁₄H₂₉). Micellar effects of the surfactants (at pH = const and [surfactant]0 = const) reach ~ 10–100 times. Physicochemical parameters of the peroxyhydrolysis process (such as substrate binding constants, hydroperoxide anion nucleophilicity in micellar pseudophase) are described in terms of the pseudophase distribution model. Observed rate enhancement mainly depends on reagent concentration increasing directly connected to hydrophobicity of the substrate and surfactant. Changes of HOO^- nucleophilicity under the displacement of the peroxyhydrolysis from water to surfactant micelles also contributed to the micellar effects. Comparative analysis of the regularities of peroxyhydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis testifies for generality of such features in OMS for nucleophilic substitutions. In this regard, the α-effect as rate constants ratio of peroxyhydrolysis (𝑘^m_{2,𝐻𝑂𝑂}−) to base hydrolysis (𝑘^m_2,𝐻𝑂−) in micellar pseudophase (𝑘^m_{2,𝐻𝑂𝑂}−/𝑘^m_2,𝐻𝑂−) reaches ~ 80–100 times.

Therefore, the α-effect appears not only in water, but in OMS, too.

Combining the methods of thermal destruction and physicochemical analysis, the primary pyrolysis tar obtained from coals of different genetic restorability types (GRT) in the series C^daf = 76,2-86,1 %) was analyzed. The pyrolysis carried out at a temperature of T_max (derivatography, DTG-curve) showed that restored coals of the “b” type differ from coals of slightly reduced “a” type in an increased tar yield and have more intense absorption bands at 2900 cm^-1 (С_al–Н bond) and at 810 cm-1 (С_ar–Н bond). It has been established that H_ar/H_al relation in tar increases in the coal rank (C^daf) and is higher for type “a” coals. Using the Brown-Ladner equation, the main structural parameters of the studied coals were calculated.

The article provides a review of various methods that can be used to increase the magnetoelectric (ME) effect in composite structures based on magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. It is shown that the use of adhesive technology and gradient structure, as well as thermal and thermomagnetic treatment of a magnetostrictive amorphous alloy of an ME structure make it possible to achieve a significant increase in the ME effect. To date, great efforts have been made to optimize the strain amplitude in the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases of multilayer ME materials. The use of various technologies in the manufacture of ME composites makes it possible, for example, to increase the sensitivity of magnetic field sensors for biomedical applications. Also, an increase in the ME effect opens up great prospects for further research.

This article proposes a method for evaluating the corrosion resistance of single-phase nickel alloys of the Ni-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr, Ni-Mo systems having a solid solution structure. The initial data for evaluating the corrosion resistance are the data obtained as a result of the analysis of the tone components of the reflected visible light by calculating the wavelength of the reflected light. The proposed method evaluates the amount of tone in the participating color groups, where tone is a hue or mixture of pure colors to which pure gray is added (equal amounts of black and white). The received information is processed using the developed software that performs the analysis of tone components. The method consists in receiving and fixing reflected visible light from a fragment of material. Next, it is evaluated by wavelength, making a histogram of the normalized amount of tone in the participating color groups that are in a certain wavelength range of reflected light. Further, the calculated amount of tone in the color group is related to the set number of pixels of the image of the fragment, determining, respectively, the specific amount of tone in the color group. In the case of several color groups in reflected light, the predominant color group is determined, where the normalized amount of tone is calculated. Next, the normalized amount of tone in the group is related to the total number of pixels in the fragment. A larger tone value determined for the fragment pixels characterizes the best corrosion resistance of the compared alloy samples. Images of fragments for evaluation are offered in digital format.

A method for calculating the multicaloric effect in magnetostrictive-ferroelectric layered structures is considered. The multicaloric effect is a superposition of magnetocaloric, electrocaloric and elastocaloric ones. As an example of magnetostrictive-ferroelectric layered structures, the layered structure of lead zirconate titanate and cobalt ferrite provides the possibility of increasing the caloric effects. The application of external magnetic and electric fields to the magnetostriction-ferroelectric structure leads to the inducing the elastocaloric effect and thus to the increased multicaloric effect.