Characteristics of mediators and modulators, their biological role in the functioning of the nervous system
https://doi.org/10.34680/2076-8052.2021.1(122).6-14
Abstract
Mediator substances in the nervous system are divided into two large groups neurotransmitters, which carry out signal transmission at the synapse, and neuromodulators, which regulate signal transmission. Neurotransmitters are divided into amino acids (glycine, glutamate and aspartate) and biogenic amines. Neuromodulators, in turn, are subdivided into four large groups: neuropeptides (endorphin, met-enkephalin, calcitonin, substance P), derivatives of fatty acids (eicosanoids and arachidonic acid), purines and pyrimidines (extracellular ATP, ADP, adenine) and gaseous substances (NO, CO and H2S). Neuromodulators, in comparison with neurotransmitters, do not have an independent physiological effect, but modify their effect, their action has a tonic character. The target of a neuromodulator can be not only the postsynaptic membrane and not only membrane receptors. It acts on different parts of the neuron, and its action can be intracellular. Systems of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators play an important role in the functioning of the nervous system and the body as a whole. The study of their functioning and regulation can serve as a fundamental basis for the study of the brain in normal and experimental pathology, creating a basis for the subsequent extrapolation of the obtained data to humans.
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For citations:
Bon E.I. Characteristics of mediators and modulators, their biological role in the functioning of the nervous system. Title in english. 2021;(1(122)):6-14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.34680/2076-8052.2021.1(122).6-14
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